Abstract:

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of diabetes. The progress of the disease is slow, and affected by many factors. In addition to the change of blood glucose,  many other aspects such as blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors were associated with DR.Controlling blood pressure and blood sugar can prevent and delay the occurrence and development of DR. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory factor not only has the effect of reducing blood pressure, but also can delay the development of DR; The abnormality of lipid metabolism is generally considered to be associated with macular hard exudation and vision loss. The effect of smoking on DR is bidirectional. Pregnancy is correlated with DR,  good glycemic control before conception and during pregnancy will not have long-term effects on DR. Genetic studies will be benifit for the further understanding on DR.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2015,  39:     409-413)